Asthma by John Russell

Does your chest regularly feel tight? Do you find it difficult to breathe after light exercise? Do you sometimes make a wheezing sound when you breathe? If so, you might be asthmatic.

Does your chest regularly feel tight? Do you find it difficult to breathe after light exercise? Do you sometimes make a wheezing sound when you breathe? If so, you might be asthmatic. If you have breathing problems please consult a doctor, but even if you do have asthma - don't worry, you are not alone.

What is asthma?
Asthma is a condition that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide and more than 5 million people in the UK are asthmatic, about one in thirteen people. It is a lung disease that affects your airways - the tubes that carry air to and from your lungs. It causes the muscles in these tubes to contract, the tubes themselves to swell and also causes sticky mucus to be produced. All of these factors can make it very difficult for a sufferer to breathe properly.

Shortness of breath, especially after exercise, coughing, or difficulty breathing while sleeping, are all common symptoms. These can be described as mild asthma attacks; however, they can usually be controlled by medication. A severe asthma attack, on the other hand, where a sufferer finds it very difficult to breathe, may require hospital treatment. How badly you are affected by these symptoms depends on what type of asthma you have; from mild to chronic; and how well you are able to control the disorder.

What causes it?
Asthma is not contagious, although it's still not known precisely what causes it. People can be born with it; develop it in childhood, or at any age. If you have asthma, it's likely that someone else in your family had it, as the illness is known to run in families. There is also some evidence that environmental factors, such as diet, housing conditions or smoking during pregnancy, can cause asthma.

Having the condition doesn't necessarily mean you will suffer badly from the symptoms. Mild or moderate asthma can be easily controlled through medication or lifestyle changes. Additionally, all attacks need a trigger, and if these triggers can be identified and avoided, the likelihood of an attack decreases. Triggers can include: pollution, smoking, dust, animal hair, stress, pollen, exercise, and cold air. These triggers are personal to each individual sufferer, so if you have asthma, make sure you know what is causing your attacks, you can then better avoid these triggers.

History
Asthma is not a recent condition, in fact there is written evidence of the condition from ancient Egyptian times. The word asthma itself was first coined by the physician Hippocrates over 3000 years ago, and was the Greek for ‘difficult breathing.' Over the years, people have tried many remedies both physical and mental, to combat the illness.

To alleviate the symptoms, people changed their diet, avoided polluted towns, or took herbal/folk cures such as tobacco smoke, owl's blood, chicken soup, tar fumes, or acupuncture. Blood letting and opium were also popular treatments. Prayer and meditation were used to enable people to better control their own breathing. Some of these remedies or breathing techniques are still being used today.

Medicine and preventative measures
It wasn't until the mid 20th century that doctors realised asthma attacks were caused by the swelling and contraction of the airways. Consequently, in the last 40 years there have been many developments in the treatment of asthma. There are presently two main types of medicine: preventers and relievers. A preventer is used every day and reduces the swelling of the airways, cutting the risk of an attack. A reliever, such as Ventolin, is taken when breathing has become (or is going to become) difficult, this actually relaxes the muscles of the airways, reducing constriction and improving the airflow. The medicine is usually taken using an inhaler.

Prevention is also good treatment, so if you have asthma, remember to keep generally healthy, take regular exercise and lots of vitamin C to avoid colds and flu - which can be dangerous for asthma sufferers. A healthy diet is also important, and do watch what you eat, as certain foods or food additives can be asthma triggers.

By taking the right medication and making the right lifestyle choices, there is no reason why most asthma sufferers shouldn't be able to lead perfectly healthy and active lives.

Famous sufferers
There have been many famous asthmatics past and present. These include:

Beethoven, Che Guevera, Benjamin Disraeli, Marcel Proust, Bob Hope and Martin Scorsese

There are even asthmatic sporting heroes such as:

Dennis Rodman (basketball), Paul Scholes (football - Manchester United) and Paula Radcliffe (UK Long Distance runner)

The future
Unfortunately there is still no cure for asthma, although the development of new treatments has led to a much better quality of life for most sufferers. However, the number of people being diagnosed as asthmatic has increased dramatically over the past 20 years. This increase could be due to environmental or dietary factors, but for the moment researchers are puzzled.

It is not unusual for the symptoms of asthma to diminish as sufferers get older, although personally after 27 years I'm still waiting ...

Vocabulary

5 words/phrases from the text:

swell: become bigger and rounder than normal
coughing: forcing air out of the throat loudly and suddenly
contagious: describes a disease passed by touching someone or their clothes
remedies: things that cure you when you are ill
inhaler: a small device for breathing in medicine

Exercise one.

Vocabulary gap fill. Now use the 5 words/phrases to fill the gaps in the sentences below:

1. Don't let anyone else use your towel. That eye problem is very ............
2. I always carry my ............... with me in case I start getting short of breath
3. The concert was spoiled because people kept. ................ and we couldn't hear the music
4. Garlic and lemon juice are homemade ..................... for skin diseases
5. His leg started to ................... when he was bitten by that insect

Exercise two.

Comprehension: multiple choice. For each question choose the best answers.

1. Which of these is not a symptom of asthma?

a.) a strange noise when breathing
b.) a tight chest after exercise
c.) difficulty when swallowing food

2. Which of the following is a physical effect of an asthma attack?

a.) lungs expanding
b.) airways contracting
c.) pain in the throat

3. You are more likely to develop asthma if

a.) your parents have it
b.) you work with animals
c.) you do a lot of exercise

4. An asthma trigger is

a.) a medicine you should take when you have an attack
b.) something which causes an asthma attack
c.) a breathing technique

5. Over the last two decades the number of asthmatics has

a.) gone up
b.) gone down
c.) stayed the same

Grammar.

Countable & Uncountable (2)

Some words can be both countable and uncountable depending on how they are used.

Would you like a chocolate?
Would you like some chocolate?

In a box of chocolates, the chocolates are countable and you can take one.
When you have a bar of chocolate the chocolate is uncountable and you can take some.

There are several other nouns that can be both countable and uncountable.

Can I have a glass of water, please?
There's some broken glass on the pavement.

‘Glass' is one. Many foodstuffs can be countable or uncountable. Think about the difference between ‘an ice cream' and ‘some ice cream'and ‘a coffee'and ‘some coffee'

‘few/a few' and ‘little/a little'

We use few and a few with countable nouns and we use little and a little with uncountable nouns.

A few friends are coming round for dinner tonight.
We've got a little time before our train leaves. Shall we go to a museum?
A few and a little both mean ‘some'. They have a positive meaning.

I've got very few friends here. I feel really lonely.
We've got very little time - hurry up or we'll miss the train.
Few and little both mean ‘almost none'. They have a negative meaning.

Commonly confused words

~~I'd like an information about train times please~~
I'd like some information about train times please.
Although ‘information' is countable in many languages, it is uncountable in English.

Have you had any news from Pete?
I haven't brought much luggage with me.
Can you give me some advice please?

As well as information, the following words are all uncountable: news, luggage, advice, furniture, weather, travel.

Exercise

Choose the correct answer in each gap.

1 There's very (little/a little) petrol in the car. I'll buy some when I go out.
2 We need (a/some) new furniture for the living room.
3 Can you put (a/some) paper in the printer, please?
4 Do you mind if I ask you (few/a few) questions?
5 We've been having (a/some) terrible weather recently.