When Scotsman Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876, it was a revolution in communication. For the first time, people could talk to each other over great distances almost as clearly as if they were in the same room. Nowadays, though, we increasingly use Bell's invention for taking photographs, accessing the internet, or watching video clips, rather than talking. Over the last two decades a new means of spoken communication has emerged: the mobile phone.

The modern mobile phone is a more complex version of the two-way radio. Traditional two-way radio was a very limited means of communication. As soon as the users moved out of range of each other's broadcast area, the signal was lost. In the 1940s, researchers began experimenting with the idea of using a number of radio masts located around the countryside to pick up signals from two-way radios. A caller would always be within range of one of the masts; when he moved too far away from one mast, the next mast would pick up the signal. (Scientists referred to each mast's reception area as being a separate "cell"; this is why in many countries mobile phones are called "cell phones".)

However, 1940s technology was still quite primitive, and the "telephones" were enormous boxes which had to be transported by car.

The first real mobile telephone call was made in 1973 by Dr Martin Cooper, the scientist who invented the modern mobile handset. As soon as his invention was complete, he tested it by calling a rival scientist to announce his success. Within a decade, mobile phones became available to the public. The streets of modern cities began to feature sharp-suited characters shouting into giant plastic bricks. In Britain the mobile phone quickly became synonymous with the "yuppie", the new breed of young urban professionals who carried the expensive handsets as status symbols. Around this time many of us swore that we would never, ever own a mobile phone.

But in the mid-90s, something happened. Cheaper handsets and cheaper calling rates meant that, almost overnight, it seemed that everyone had a mobile phone. And the giant plastic bricks of the 80s had evolved into smooth little objects that fitted nicely into pockets and bags. In every pub and restaurant you could hear the bleep and buzz of mobiles ringing and registering messages, occasionally breaking out into primitive versions of the latest pop songs. Cities suddenly had a new, postmodern birdsong.

Moreover, people's timekeeping changed. Younger readers will be amazed to know that, not long ago, people made spoken arrangements to meet at a certain place at a certain time. Once a time and place had been agreed, people met as agreed. Somewhere around the new millennium, this practice started to die out. Meeting times became approximate, subject to change at any moment under the new order of communication: the Short Message Service (SMS) or text message. Going to be late? Send a text message! It takes much less effort than arriving on time, and it's much less awkward than explaining your lateness face-to-face. It's the perfect communication method for the busy modern lifestyle. Like email before it, the text message has altered the way we write in English, bringing more abbreviations and a more lax approach to language construction. The160-character limit on text messages has led to a new, abbreviated version of English for fast and instantaneous communication. Traditional rules of grammar and spelling are much less important when you're sitting on the bus, hurriedly typing "Will B 15min late - C U @ the bar. Sorry! :-)".

Mobile phones, once the preserve of the high-powered businessperson and the "yuppie", are now a vital part of daily life for an enormous amount of people. From schoolchildren to pensioners, every section of society has found that it's easier to stay in touch when you've got a mobile. Over the last few years mobiles have become more and more advanced. Firstly we saw the introduction of built-in cameras, global positioning devices and internet access. More recently we have witnessed the arrival of the "third generation" of mobile phones: powerful micro-computers with broadband internet access, which will allow us to watch TV, download internet files at high speed and send instant video clips to friends.

Alexander Graham Bell would be amazed if he could see how far the science of telephony has progressed in less than 150 years. If he were around today, he might say: "That's gr8! But I'm v busy rite now. Will call U 2nite."

Vocabulary

5 words/phrases from the text:

1. range: the distance or limit to which an action is possible
2. rival: a person who is competing for the same goal as another.
3. status symbol: an object that is used to measure a person's economic or social status.
4. awkward: badly designed for effective use.
5. lax: lacking precision or exactness.

Exercise one.

Vocabulary gap fill. Now use the 5 words/phrases to fill the gaps in the sentences below:

1. The president was ahead of his .......... in all of the opinion polls.
2. His new sports car was more of a ................. than a practical necessity.
3. I don't like this bag; it's an ........... shape and is too big to use every day.
4. The fireworks could be seen for a ............. of more than 20 kilometres in all directions
5. His studying is extremely .............. so I don't think he'll pass his exams.

---

Exercise two.

Comprehension. Answer the 5 questions using information from the article.

1. Why was the two-way radio limited in its uses?
2. How did Cooper test his invention?
3. Why did mobile phones become more common in the nineties?
4. How did the invention of SMS change our habits for making arrangements?
5. What other features do today's mobiles have?

Grammar.

Wish and If only

Wish and ‘If only' are both used to talk about regrets - things that we would like to change either about the past or the present.

Talking about the present

If only I didn't have so much homework I could go to the concert tonight. She has a lot of homework and she can't go to the concert.
I wish you didn't live so far away.
I wish I knew what to do.

When we talk about present regrets, both wish and if only are followed by the past simple tense. The past tense emphasises that we are talking about something ‘unreal'.

Talking about the past

I wish I'd studied harder when I was at school. He didn't study harder when he was at school.
I wish I hadn't eaten all that chocolate. I feel sick.
If only I'd known you were coming.

Both wish and if only are followed by the past perfect tense when we talk about past regrets.

Wish/if only and would

We use wish + would to talk about something in the present that we would like to change - usually something that we find annoying.

I wish you wouldn't borrow my clothes without asking.
I wish it would rain. The garden really needs some water.
I wish you'd give up smoking. it's really bad for you.

NB We can only use wish + would to talk about things we can't change.
So I wish I wouldn't eat so much chocolate is not possible although we can say I wish I didn't eat so much chocolate.

Exercises

Complete the sentences by using one of the verbs in an appropriate form.

be
meet
not have to
not say
tidy up

1 I wish I [1] go to work tomorrow.
2 If only I [2] that to her. She's not speaking to me now.
3 I wish you [3] your bedroom. It's a mess!
4 Oh darling! I wish I [4] you 10 years ago.
5 If only he [5] here. He'd know what to do.

---

Quiz Question 21

City of the Beatles.

Mobile phones - key

Vocabulary

1. rival
2. status symbol
3. awkward
4. range
5. lax
   

Comprehension

1. Because users had to stay within range of a radio mast.
2. He telephoned a rival scientist to tell him about his invention.
3. Because mobile phones and calls became cheaper.
4. Because people could send an instant message to say they would be late.
5. Some mobile phones allow us to watch television, download internet files or send video clips.
   

Grammar

1. didn't have to
2. hadn't said
3. would tidy up
4. had met
5. was/were